Genotype- and season-dependent expression of floral regulators in fig (Ficus carica L.) by RNA-SEQ analysis

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a fruit tree of high agronomic relevance, widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying key developmental processes such as flowering are still not fully elucidated. In this study, in order to investigate the transcriptional dynamics involved in flowering pathways converging on complex gene regulatory mechanisms, we performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) on three fig genotypes: Dottato, Petrelli, and Caprifig, collected at two phenological stages (April and July). Differential expression analysis revealed dynamic and genotype-specific transcriptional changes across developmental stages. Key regulators such as RAN1 (Responsive to ANtagonist1), AGAMOUS, VQ (VQ motif containing) and F-box domain-containing genes exhibited distinct expression profiles. Notably, RAN1 and AGAMOUS, both associated with sex determination and floral organ identity, were significantly downregulated in Caprifig (a male genotype) during the July season, suggesting a developmental or seasonal repression of floral identity genes in this variety. Conversely, F-box genes displayed increased expression in July, particularly in Caprifig and Petrelli genotypes, indicating a potential role in seasonal floral regulation (fruit maturation) or stress adaptation. These results highlight a complex regulatory network driving floral development in F. carica, influenced by both genotype and season. The identification of temporal and variety-specific gene expression patterns provides new insights into fig floral biology and offers a foundation for molecular breeding aimed at improving flowering time, fruiting behaviour, and cultivar selection.