Sustainable speleology and cave conservation

Caves, with their complex and intricate nature, are not only geological marvels but also delicate ecosystems teeming with life and can constitute cultural heritages susceptible to protection. However, human interaction with caves, driven by tourism, exploration, cultural and scientific interest, has brought forth a myriad of challenges for their conservation. This overview aims to dissect such challenges, explore the methodologies devised to mitigate human impact, and delve into the collaborative efforts, involving various stakeholders in safeguarding these unique environments. The challenges in cave conservation are manifold, stemming primarily from the detrimental effects of careless human activities. Graffiti, vandalism, littering, and inadvertent damage to geological formations pose significant threats to the delicate equilibrium of cave ecosystems, finely tuned over millennia. To address these challenges, the philosophy of minimal impact speleology is the guiding principle for cave conservation (Gillieson et al., 2022); it emphasizes responsible exploration practices aimed at minimizing anthropogenic disturbances (Capitanio et al., 2022). Techniques such as gentle cleaning, graffiti removal, and substrate-specific restoration methods may be employed to mitigate the impact of human activities while preserving the integrity of cave ecosystems (Werker & Hildreth-Werker, 2006). Additionally, promoting awareness among speleological communities and tourists is crucial for fostering a culture of environmental stewardship and responsible cave exploration. The recognition of caves as unique habitats supporting diverse flora and fauna is critical to cave conservation. Cave-dwelling species, adapted to the subterranean environment, are particularly vulnerable to disturbance caused by human activities. Thus, conservation efforts must prioritize the protection of these species, employing measures to minimize habitat disruption and mitigate the introduction of alien/invasive species. Collaboration among various stakeholders is essential for the success of cave conservation efforts. Speleologists, environmental conservation groups, local authorities, and local communities all play crucial roles in safeguarding these fragile environments. By pooling their expertise and resources, these stakeholders can develop conservation strategies tailored to the specific needs of each cave system. In conclusion, cave conservation requires a holistic approach encompassing scientific research, community engagement, and sustainable tourism practices. By adhering to the principles of minimal impact speleology and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, we can ensure the preservation of these extraordinary environments for future generations. This overview underscores the urgency of prioritizing cave conservation and highlights the collective responsibility we all share in protecting these natural wonders. Capitanio R. et al. (2022) - Speleologia ad impatto minimo: caso di studio della Grotta Sant’Angelo di Ostuni. Atti XXIII Congresso Nazionale di Speleologia “La melodia delle grotte”, 2-5 June, Ormea (CN), Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Speleologia, s. II, 42, 509-510, https://www.congressospeleo2020.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ormea2.pdf. Gillieson D.S. et al. (Eds) (2022) - Guidelines for Cave and Karst Protection, 2nd Edition. International Union of Speleology (UIS) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Switzerland, 112pp. Werker J.C. & Hildreth-Werker V. (2006) - Cave Conservation and Restoration. KIP Monographs, 7. https:// digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=kip_monographs.