The interactions between plant, microorganism and soil affect Fe acquisition in cucumber plants.

Plants have evolved two different strategies (Strategy I and II) to cope with Fe shortage, based on the exudation of organic and inorganic compounds to favor its mobilization and the root uptake. The role of the soil biotic component in the nutritional processes in the rhiszophere needs to be elucidated, since plants inoculated with PGPR showed an increased content of nutrients and a stronger resistance to abiotic stresses. The aim of the present work is the evaluation of the physiological effects, induced by Azospirillum brasilense in a calcareous soil on cucumber plants. Plants were grown in hydroponic Fe deficient solution followed by a 7-day period of contact with the A. brasilense-inoculated calcareous soil. At sampling, biometrics measurements, quali-quantitative analyses of root exudates and analyses of the nutrients content in plant tissues were carried out. Variations in soil mineralogy were assessed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Our results showed that A. brasilense facilitates plant growth in calcareous soils due to an enhanced recovery from the micronutrient deficiency. A. brasilense increases most likely the Fe availability within the rhizosphere by a) affecting the solubilisation of Fe thanks to the siderophore release and b) up and down-regulating the exudation activity of plants with an effect also on its molecular complexity. Further studies are needed to better understand and highlight the interactions between these two mechanisms and microorganisms. In particular, the present study shed light for the first time on two AAs, namely Gly and Glu, which could be involved in the plant-microorganism-soil interaction for the retrieval of Fe within a calcareous soil. XRPD analysis revealed a slight decrease of calcite and an increase of smectite under Fe-deficiency conditions.