Old and Novel Enteric Parvoviruses of Dogs

protocols and consensus (pan-viral) PCR strategies, has identified several novel parvovi-414 rus species and variants in dogs with enteric and/or respiratory disease. Whether these 415 novel canine parvoviruses may act as primary causative pathogens or synergistic agents 416 remain to be elucidated. 417 A trend in the diagnostics of human infectious disease is the adoption of syndromic 418 testing panels covering a wide spectrum of common and uncommon pathogens based on 419 advanced microbiology technologies such as multiplex molecular assays (i.e. syndromic 420 diagnostic tests). Including these novel canine parvoviruses in the diagnostic algorithms 421 of canine diseases, combined with larger epidemiological studies with a multidisciplinary 422 approach and/or with experimental infections, could help to clarify their epidemiology 423 and their eventual association, if any, with canine diseases. Expanding our knowledge on 424 the enteric virome of animals at the animal-human interface is, by the way, necessary to 425 assess more properly eventual zoonotic risks and fulfill the recommendations of the One 426 Health paradigm. 427 Interestingly, multi-species circulation of some of these novel parvoviruses could 428 represent a challenge when devising measures of prophylaxis in animals of different spe-429 cies living/housed in the same household, shelters and clinics. 430 Use of vaccines, when available, could prevent the spread of many of these emerging 431 parvoviruses, although this strategy should be complemented with detailed disinfection 432 plans and physical separation of animals, chiefly in the case of suspected parvovirus cir-433 culation in multi-animal and multi-species environments.