High-grade glioma and oral microbiome: association or causality? what we know so far

In recent years, a growing body of evidence supports the role of the oral and gut microbiome in human physiology and biological activity under homeostatic and pathological conditions. However, the relationship between the gut-brain axis and glioma development has been only recently investigated, reporting an association between oral microbiome and grade of glioma and examining the relationship between malignancy-related oral microbial features and the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation in glioma.