Quality of main types of hunted red deer meat obtained in Spain compared to farmed venison from New Zealand

Deer venison is increasingly valued as a natural meat. This study examines the three main sources of venison: farmed venison from New Zealand (NZ), the world’s leading producer, and wild deer from Spain (SP), the second largest producer, which mainly supplies venison from traditional autumn– winter driven hunts (monteria), involving packs of dogs, and a smaller proportion culled through summer selective stalking. Meat from NZ contained more protein, lower shear force and lower n‑6/n‑3 ratio (P < 0.01). Spanish meat had a greater content of total, essential and non‑essential amino acids (P < 0.01). Meat from deer culled in winter had lower intramuscular fat and saturated fatty acids (FA) but higher polyunsaturated FA (P < 0.01) and pH (P < 0.001) than meat from summer stalked deer. Therefore, venison presents diferences by country of origin for composition, FA and texture that are likely to afect its health characteristics. Anomalies observed in meat between the winter driven hunt and non‑stressful summer stalking may be attributed to the level of death stress in the case of variables such as pH. However, the efect on fat and mineral composition seems to be seasonal, depending respectively on wild diet or cyclic osteoporosis in males.