The constant reduction in the availability of petroleum products and the higher amount of greenhouse gases emissions, encourage, the interest in renewable fuels. As a consequence, in recent years the use of biofuels is increasing overall the world. They may be an alternative to the use of fossil fuels and they can reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions. The authors, in this paper, will analyze the bioethanol production from third-generation substances, often untapped, such as microalgae. On the basis of these studies, it will be mapped out a new scenario of the Italian bioethanol industry, with the aim of evaluating the microalgae potentiality in this field.