Satellite Earth observation data to identify anthropogenic pressures in selected protected areas

Protected areas are experiencing increased levels of human pressure. To enable appropriate conserva-tion action, it is critical to map and monitor changes in the type and extent of land cover/use and habitatclasses, which can be related to human pressures over time. Satellite Earth observation (EO) data andtechniques offer the opportunity to detect such changes. Yet association with field information and expertinterpretation by ecologists is required to interpret, qualify and link these changes to human pressure.There is thus an urgent need to harmonize the technical background of experts in the field of EO dataanalysis with the terminology of ecologists, protected area management authorities and policy makers inorder to provide meaningful, context-specific value-added EO products. This paper builds on the DPSIRframework, providing a terminology to relate the concepts of state, pressures, and drivers with the appli-cation of EO analysis. The type of pressure can be inferred through the detection of changes in state (i.e.changes in land cover and/or habitat type and/or condition). Four broad categories of changes in stateare identified, i.e. land cover/habitat conversion, land cover/habitat modification, habitat fragmentationand changes in landscape connectivity, and changes in plant community structure. These categories ofchange in state can be mapped through EO analyses, with the goal of using expert judgement to relatechanges in state to causal direct anthropogenic pressures. Drawing on expert knowledge, a set of pro-tected areas located in diverse socio-ecological contexts and subject to a variety of pressures are analysedto (a) link the four categories of changes in state of land cover/habitats to the drivers (anthropogenic pres-sure), as relevant to specific target land cover and habitat classes; (b) identify (for pressure mapping) themost appropriate spatial and temporal EO data sources as well as interpretations from ecologists andfield data useful in connection with EO data analysis. We provide detailed examples for two protectedareas, demonstrating the use of EO data for detection of land cover/habitat change, coupled with expertinterpretation to relate such change to specific anthropogenic pressures. We conclude with a discussionof the limitations and feasibility of using EO data and techniques to identify anthropogenic pressures,suggesting additional research efforts required in this direction.