Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is one of the most aggressive pediatric tumors of the central nervous system, characterized by a median survival of less than 12 months and the absence of therapeutic options. Of particular interest is ONC201, a compound belonging to the imipridone chemical class, which has demonstrated clinical activity mediated by the selective activation of human mitochondrial protease (hClpP). Structural analysis of the hClpP:ONC201 complex and other known allosteric activators performed by X-ray crystallography has provided key information for the rational optimization of the chemical structure of ONC201. Based on this evidence, in this PhD work was identified a piperazine-based scaffold as the result of a significant simplification of the chemical structure of ONC201. Furthermore, through an in-depth study of structure-activity relationships, the allosteric site of ClpP where ONC201 is positioned was mapped, determining the activation of the protease and defining the minimum requirements to ensure an increase in the proteolytic action of the enzyme. The use of the piperazine nucleus and the rational design of the chemical structure of the molecules allowed the identification of the piperazine-2-one scaffold (with an endocyclic carbonyl function) as the most promising. The multifunctional chemotype 26 (DA29) was therefore identified as the compound of greatest biopharmaceutical interest. The crystallographic structure of the hClpP:26 (DA29) complex confirmed the initial hypotheses and highlighted a direct interaction with the hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme's apical allosteric domain, consistent with potent proteolytic activation. Permeability studies conducted under dynamic flow conditions demonstrated the compound's ability to cross cell barriers, suggesting potential penetration of the blood-brain barrier. From a mechanistic point of view, 26 (DA29) induces the activation of hClpP, the dissociation of the hClpXP complex, formed by ClpP and AAA+ ATPase unfoldase/chaperone (ClpX), mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity, and alterations in the lipid profile in patient-derived DIPG cells, with validation extended to DIPG tumor organoids derived from patients with a view to personalized medicine. Unlike ONC201, 26 (DA29) shows no interaction with D2/D3 dopaminergic receptors, suggesting a selectively hClpP-mediated mechanism of action. Overall, these findings define a new model for the development of hClpP activators and represent a significant advance toward the realization of targeted and rational therapeutic strategies for the treatment of DIPG. A preclinical in vivo study of 26 (DA29) is currently underway in an orthotypical murine model of DIPG.
Il glioma pontino intrinseco diffuso (DIPG) rappresenta uno dei tumori pediatrici più aggressivi del sistema nervoso centrale, caratterizzato da una sopravvivenza media inferiore ai 12 mesi e dall’assenza di opzioni terapeutiche. È di particolare interesse ONC201, un composto appartenente alla classe chimica degli imipridoni, che ha dimostrato attività clinica mediata dall’attivazione selettiva della proteasi mitocondriale umana (hClpP). L’analisi strutturale del complesso hClpP:ONC201 e degli altri attivatori allosterici noti eseguita mediante cristallografia a raggi X, ha fornito informazioni chiave per l’ottimizzazione razionale della struttura chimica di ONC201. Sulla base di tali evidenze, con questo lavoro di dottorato è stato identificato uno scaffold a struttura base piperazinica quale risultanza di una notevole semplificazione della struttura chimica di ONC201. Inoltre, attraverso uno studio approfondito di relazioni struttura-attività è stato mappato il sito allosterico della ClpP in cui si posiziona ONC201 determinando l’attivazione della proteasi, definendo i requisisti minimi per garantire un incremento dell’azione proteolitica dell’enzima. L’utlizzo del nucleo piperazinico e il disegno razionale della struttura chimica delle molecole ha consentito l’identificazione dello scaffold piperazine-2-one (con una funzione carbonilica endociclica) come il più promettente. È stato, pertanto, identificato il chemotipo polifunzionale 26 (DA29) come composto di maggiore interesse bio-farmaceutico. La struttura cristallografica del complesso hClpP:26 (DA29) ha confermato le ipotesi iniziali e ha evidenziato un’interazione diretta con la tasca idrofobica del dominio allosterico apicale dell’enzima, coerente con una potente attivazione proteolitica. Studi di permeabilità condotti in condizioni di flusso dinamico hanno dimostrato la capacità del composto di attraversare barriere cellulari, suggerendo una potenziale penetrazione della barriera ematoencefalica. Dal punto di vista meccanicistico, 26 (DA29) induce l’attivazione di hClpP, la dissociazione del complesso hClpXP, formato da ClpP e AAA+ ATPase unfoldase/chaperone (ClpX), disfunzione mitocondriale, accumulo di specie reattive dell’ossigeno (ROS), citotossicità e alterazioni del profilo lipidico in cellule DIPG derivate da paziente, con validazione estesa a organoidi tumorali DIPG derivanti da pazienti in un’ottica di medicina personalizzata. A differenza di ONC201, 26 (DA29) non mostra interazione con i recettori dopaminergici D2/D3, suggerendo un meccanismo d’azione selettivamente mediato da hClpP. Nel complesso, questi risultati definiscono un nuovo modello per lo sviluppo di attivatori di hClpP e rappresentano un avanzamento significativo verso la realizzazione di strategie terapeutiche mirate e razionali per il trattamento del DIPG. È in corso uno studio preclinico in vivo di 26 (DA29) in un modello ortototipico murino di DIPG.
Mappatura dei siti allosterici della proteasi caseinolitica umana P (hClpP): una strategia per lo sviluppo di piperazine come farmaci candidati per il trattamento del glioma pontino intrinseco diffuso pediatrico / Armenise, D.. - (2026 Jun 15).
Mappatura dei siti allosterici della proteasi caseinolitica umana P (hClpP): una strategia per lo sviluppo di piperazine come farmaci candidati per il trattamento del glioma pontino intrinseco diffuso pediatrico.
ARMENISE, DOMENICO
2026-06-15
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is one of the most aggressive pediatric tumors of the central nervous system, characterized by a median survival of less than 12 months and the absence of therapeutic options. Of particular interest is ONC201, a compound belonging to the imipridone chemical class, which has demonstrated clinical activity mediated by the selective activation of human mitochondrial protease (hClpP). Structural analysis of the hClpP:ONC201 complex and other known allosteric activators performed by X-ray crystallography has provided key information for the rational optimization of the chemical structure of ONC201. Based on this evidence, in this PhD work was identified a piperazine-based scaffold as the result of a significant simplification of the chemical structure of ONC201. Furthermore, through an in-depth study of structure-activity relationships, the allosteric site of ClpP where ONC201 is positioned was mapped, determining the activation of the protease and defining the minimum requirements to ensure an increase in the proteolytic action of the enzyme. The use of the piperazine nucleus and the rational design of the chemical structure of the molecules allowed the identification of the piperazine-2-one scaffold (with an endocyclic carbonyl function) as the most promising. The multifunctional chemotype 26 (DA29) was therefore identified as the compound of greatest biopharmaceutical interest. The crystallographic structure of the hClpP:26 (DA29) complex confirmed the initial hypotheses and highlighted a direct interaction with the hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme's apical allosteric domain, consistent with potent proteolytic activation. Permeability studies conducted under dynamic flow conditions demonstrated the compound's ability to cross cell barriers, suggesting potential penetration of the blood-brain barrier. From a mechanistic point of view, 26 (DA29) induces the activation of hClpP, the dissociation of the hClpXP complex, formed by ClpP and AAA+ ATPase unfoldase/chaperone (ClpX), mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity, and alterations in the lipid profile in patient-derived DIPG cells, with validation extended to DIPG tumor organoids derived from patients with a view to personalized medicine. Unlike ONC201, 26 (DA29) shows no interaction with D2/D3 dopaminergic receptors, suggesting a selectively hClpP-mediated mechanism of action. Overall, these findings define a new model for the development of hClpP activators and represent a significant advance toward the realization of targeted and rational therapeutic strategies for the treatment of DIPG. A preclinical in vivo study of 26 (DA29) is currently underway in an orthotypical murine model of DIPG.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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TESI PhD ARMENISE DOMENICO_1.pdf
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