The article reconstructs the historical and legal origins of environmental and territorial protection in pre-Republican Italy, with the aim of identifying the roots of some of the most significant contemporary issues concerning land-use governance. Through a diachronic analysis spanning pre-unification legal traditions, Liberal Italy, and the Fascist period, the study challenges the widespread assumption that the fragmentation of territorial governance is primarily a product of the regionalist framework established by the Republican Constitution. The paper argues that the separation between urban planning policies and environmental protection has deeper cultural and legal origins, linked to the liberal conception of private property and to the progressive reduction of landscape protection to a merely aesthetic concern. Particular attention is devoted to the enduring role of the concept of publica utilitas in pre-unitary legal systems, the emergence of landscape protection through the Rava, Rosadi-Rava and Croce laws, and the subsequent consolidation of the relationship between cultural heritage, landscape, and territorial planning. The analysis shows how, despite persistent tensions between public interests and private property rights, an alternative legal tradition gradually developed, conceiving territory as a collective good whose protection serves broader social and national interests. The article concludes by highlighting the contemporary relevance of this historical experience for interpreting the constitutional mandate of environmental protection and for overcoming the enduring fragmentation of territorial governance.
L’articolo ricostruisce le origini storico-giuridiche della tutela dell’ambiente e del territorio nell’Italia pre-repubblicana, con l’obiettivo di individuare le radici di alcune tra le più rilevanti problematiche contemporanee connesse al governo del territorio. Attraverso un’analisi diacronica che attraversa le tradizioni giuridiche preunitarie, l’Italia liberale e il periodo fascista, il contributo mette in discussione l’idea secondo cui la frammentazione delle politiche territoriali sarebbe principalmente il risultato dell’assetto regionalistico introdotto dalla Costituzione repubblicana. Si sostiene, infatti, che la separazione tra pianificazione urbanistica e tutela ambientale affondi le proprie radici in processi culturali e giuridici più risalenti, legati alla concezione liberale della proprietà privata e alla progressiva riduzione della tutela del paesaggio a una dimensione prevalentemente estetica. Particolare attenzione è dedicata al ruolo della publica utilitas negli ordinamenti preunitari, all’emersione della tutela paesaggistica attraverso le leggi Rava, Rosadi-Rava e Croce, nonché al progressivo consolidamento del rapporto tra patrimonio storico-artistico, paesaggio e pianificazione del territorio. L’analisi mostra come, nonostante le persistenti tensioni tra interesse pubblico e proprietà privata, si sia progressivamente sviluppata una tradizione giuridica alternativa, orientata a concepire il territorio come bene collettivo la cui tutela risponde a esigenze sociali e nazionali di carattere generale. Il contributo conclude evidenziando l’attualità di tale esperienza storica ai fini dell’interpretazione del mandato costituzionale di tutela dell’ambiente e del superamento della persistente frammentazione del governo del territorio.
Agli albori di alcune attuali questioni ambientali: il «governo del territorio» nell’Italia pre-repubblicana
Gusmai, A.
2026-01-01
Abstract
The article reconstructs the historical and legal origins of environmental and territorial protection in pre-Republican Italy, with the aim of identifying the roots of some of the most significant contemporary issues concerning land-use governance. Through a diachronic analysis spanning pre-unification legal traditions, Liberal Italy, and the Fascist period, the study challenges the widespread assumption that the fragmentation of territorial governance is primarily a product of the regionalist framework established by the Republican Constitution. The paper argues that the separation between urban planning policies and environmental protection has deeper cultural and legal origins, linked to the liberal conception of private property and to the progressive reduction of landscape protection to a merely aesthetic concern. Particular attention is devoted to the enduring role of the concept of publica utilitas in pre-unitary legal systems, the emergence of landscape protection through the Rava, Rosadi-Rava and Croce laws, and the subsequent consolidation of the relationship between cultural heritage, landscape, and territorial planning. The analysis shows how, despite persistent tensions between public interests and private property rights, an alternative legal tradition gradually developed, conceiving territory as a collective good whose protection serves broader social and national interests. The article concludes by highlighting the contemporary relevance of this historical experience for interpreting the constitutional mandate of environmental protection and for overcoming the enduring fragmentation of territorial governance.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


