Generic Cuspidal Points and their Localization

In this work we consider generic coalescing of eigenvalues of smooth complex valued matrix functions depending on 2 parameters. We call generic cuspidal points the parameter values where eigenvalues coalesce, and we discuss the relation between cuspidal points and the closely related exceptional points studied in the literature. By considering loops in parameter space enclosing the cuspidal points, we rigorously prove when there is a phase accumulation for the eigenvectors and further detail how, by looking at the periodicity of the eigenvalues along the loop, and/or by looking at the aforementioned phase accumulation, one may be able to localize generic cuspidal points.