A new multidimensional framework for risk assessment in multi-hazard context: the Hazards-Impacts matrix

Geographic areas are rarely exposed to a single natural hazard; more often, two or more hazards coexist within the same territory. Consequently, a comprehensive analysis, quantification, and comparison of all potential risks affecting a given area are fundamental to fostering sustainable and climate-resilient environments. To this end, this paper introduces a new indicator-based framework for evaluating risk in multi-hazard contexts, referred to as the “Hazards-Impacts Matrix.” Developed through a multidisciplinary effort, the matrix integrates several risk dimensions (i.e. those linked to impacts on individual well-being, the built environment, public services, business activities, environmental systems, communities, and the financial system) and can be consistently applied across multiple spatial scales. Furthermore, by employing a coherent set of indicators across different hazards, it ensures the comparability of risk estimates, thereby enabling the analysis of the simplest form of hazard interrelationships (i.e., compound events) and providing a robust foundation for investigating more complex hazard and risk interdependencies. The matrix is applied to the Lomellina area (Northern Italy) as a proof of concept. While originally designed to support decision-makers during the risk mitigation planning phase within the Italian context, the framework can also be adapted for post-event assessments and extended to other countries.