Combating hate speech online and protecting freedom of expression: An attempt to strike a balance under international and EU law

The Chapter focuses on attempts to define hate speech and the search for effective regulation to counteract its harmful effects. Since there is no single definition of hate speech – and, in particular, online hate speech – in international law, it examines the various documents adopted by international bodies to prevent and combat this unlawful conduct. After reviewing these, the Chapter turns to the ECtHR’s case law. Lastly, it analyses EU legislation and the role of the codes of conduct signed by VLOPs. The aim is to show that the balance between freedom of expression and the fight against hate speech is a central theme running through all initiatives adopted in international and European systems.