Imaging techniques for evaluating temporomandibular joint involvement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review

Objective Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) encompasses a group of chronic inflammatory disorders affecting children and adolescents, characterized by persistent arthritis of unknown etiology. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. This systematic review evaluates current diagnostic approaches for detecting temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in JIA. Materials and Methods Following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD 529873), a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between January 1, 2013, and August 1, 2024. Search Terms Included (Imaging OR CBCT OR cone beam OR MRI OR ultrasound OR magnetic resonance imaging) AND (juvenile idiopathic arthritis OR JIA) AND (temporomandibular joint OR TMJ). Studies focusing on TMJ diagnostic techniques in JIA patients were included. Results Out of 528 records, 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results emphasize the critical role of advanced imaging—particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and ultrasound (US)—in detecting early TMJ changes. While MRI remains the gold standard for evaluating soft tissue and inflammatory activity, CBCT and US offer complementary insights. The review highlights the need for standardized diagnostic protocols and further studies to refine imaging strategies and improve clinical outcomes in JIA.