Understanding the impact of antibiotic treatment on the diversity of gut microbiota species

Introduction: The community of microorganisms that colonize the intestine plays a vital role in regulating human metabolism and immune system function. According to translational medicine studies, administering antibiotics disrupts the balance of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal system, increasing the risk of multiple diseases. Dysregulation and reduction of the biodiversity of intestinal microbiota increase the risk of developing unhealthy conditions for the host. In this review, we tried to offer a current vision regarding the use of antibiotics and the modification of the intestinal microbiota. Areas covered: Research has also shown that, in addition to antibiotics, the composition and balance of the intestinal microbiota depend on diet from the first days of life (breastfeeding or formula) and the mode of delivery (vaginal birth or cesarean section). Having this in mind, we performed an extensive literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science on the relationships between human microbiota and antibiotics. Expert opinion: Effective antimicrobial stewardship programs are urgently needed to reduce the misuse of antibiotics to avoid bacteria becoming more resistant, resulting in the ineffectiveness of antibiotics. Alternatives to antibiotics, e.g., targeted probiotics or bacteriophages, are increasingly considered as a strategy to preserve the intestinal microbiota diversity and maintain a good health status.