Monsters and dragons of the past: the ichthyosaur of Mary Anning

In 1811, following the discovery of a skull by her brother Joseph, Mary Anning (1799‑1847), then aged 11, discovered the fossil remains of what would be identified as the firstcomplete ichthyosaur, a decisive breakthrough in the history of understanding past life. This contribution examines the discovery of the ichthyosaur not as an isolated event, but as part of a wider network of female contributions to early nineteenth-century geosciences. Despite their exclusion from formal education and scientific institutions, women such as Mary Anning, certainly the best known, Elizabeth Philpot (1779‑1857), Charlotte Hugonin Murchison (1788‑1869) and Mary Morland Buckland (1797‑1857) played crucial roles in the development of early nineteenth‑century geosciences, collaborating with each other and with male geologists, often without recognition. Through manuscript and printed sources, we reconstruct how their expertise, from fossil preparation to scientific illustration, shaped disciplines then in the making. The story of Anning and the other women geologists offers an emblematic case study of the gender dynamics in nineteenth-century science, between male appropriation of knowledge and female resistance.