The emerging role of oral microbiota: A key driver of oral and systemic health

Purpose: To describe the existing literature on the emerging role of the oral microbiota in shaping both oral and systemic health. Methods: A narrative review was performed. PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched for relevant articles published in the English language. Results: The oral microbiota plays a crucial role in both oral and systemic health, yet its composition and functions have been underexplored compared to the gut microbiota. The oral cavity harbors a diverse range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa, which interact within biofilms to influence oral health. The microbiome is influenced by various factors such as diet, oral hygiene, smoking, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, pregnancy, and genetics. Dysbiosis in the oral microbiota has been linked to a range of oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral candidiasis, and even oral cancer. Additionally, oral bacteria can impact systemic health, with emerging associations to cardiovascular disease, respiratory conditions, and various cancers. Effective management of oral dysbiosis involves strategies such as mouthwashes, dietary modifications, and supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, which can modulate the microbiota, enhance immune responses, and reduce pathogenic growth. Clinical significance: Oral microbiota dysbiosis, beyond its role in mediating oral diseases, is emerging as a driver of a range of systemic health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory conditions, and various cancers. A holistic approach combining regular oral hygiene, balanced nutrition, and microbiome-targeted interventions is essential for maintaining oral health and potentially preventing associated systemic diseases.