The objective of this thesis is to undertake an aerotopographic study of a section of the Roman Eastern Limes, situated between the middle valley of the Euphrates and the Gulf of Aqaba. This was achieved through the systematic utilisation of historical and contemporary remote sensing documentation, obtained from aerial and satellite platforms. The study serves to provide an analysis and synthesis of a series of published and particularly unpublished data pertaining to the fortified structures and road infrastructures that characterised the Roman frontier. The thesis work is based on the explorations of the Hungarian-English archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein, who, following in the footsteps of Father Antoine Poidebard, carried out a study mission in 1938-1939. This initiative sought to investigate historic centres and routes along the Roman Eastern Limes, which connects Iraq and Jordan and it employed a systematic use of aerial photography in conjunction with ground surveys. Based on Stein's research and extensive graphic material (125 drawings) and photographic material (305 frames), 73 sites were explored, geolocated, and evaluated using Corona KH-4B and Hexagon KH-9 cosmic photographs. These are historical photographs obtained by American spy satellites during the 1960s and 1980s that have recently been declassified. These images enable the documentation of towns and their respective regions prior to recent modifications, allowing them to be contextualised in a historical setting that is remarkably similar to the ancient one. Until the first half of the twentieth century, the area under investigation had experienced limited anthropization, with nomadic populations occupying the majority of the territory; however, since the post-World War II period, settlements have emerged and expanded, mechanised agriculture has spread, and infrastructures have been built, altering the landscape and sometimes destroying and obliterating numerous ancient remains. The photointerpretation of cosmic photos has thus allowed for a reconstruction of the landscape as close as possible to that documented by Stein and thus to the historical one, as well as the examination of the ruins' state of preservation, which has recently been verified through high and very high-resolution satellite images. According to the findings of the study, 34 of the 73 case studies examined are closely related to the Roman frontier, represented by forts and fortresses that attest to the three main phases of construction and structuring of the Limes, which occurred respectively in the Trajanic period (late 1st-early 2nd century AD), Severan period (late 2nd-early 3rd century AD), and Diocletian period (late 3nd-early 4rd century AD). In particular, the current study indicates a disparity between archaeological evidence related to Trajanic garrisons, for which only one case study is recorded, and those from the Severan and Tetrarchic periods, for which many attestations are recorded. With regard to the remaining settlements, the territorial examination conducted on cosmic photos concerning contexts and emergencies seemingly unrelated to the Limes has yielded the exploration and identification of areas, roadways, and fortified structures. Among these are known entities whose traces are no longer legible today, and others that are completely unknown. Starting from the necessary premises concerning the nature and history of the Eastern Limes and analysing with a critical mind the traces readable from historical satellite documentation, numerous published and, above all, unpublished data were collected. Finally, the creation of a specially dedicated GIS platform makes this work a true research tool for the knowledge of the Limes, from which to start and to increase as research continues.
Il presente lavoro di tesi ha come obiettivo lo studio aerotopografico di una porzione del Limes orientale compreso tra la media valle dell’Eufrate e il golfo di Aqaba mediante l’utilizzo sistematico di documentazione telerilevata storica e recente. Uno studio che si pone come analisi e sintesi di una serie di dati editi e soprattutto inediti relativi alle strutture fortificate e alle infrastrutture viarie che contraddistinguevano la frontiera romana. Nel dettaglio il lavoro prende le mosse dalle esplorazioni dell’archeologo ungaro-inglese Sir Marc Aurel Stein che, sulle orme di Padre Antoine Poidebard, tra il 1938 e il 1939 mise in atto un vero e proprio progetto di ricerca finalizzato allo studio dei centri antichi e della viabilità lungo il Limes orientale, compreso tra Iraq e Giordania, mediante l’uso sistematico di riprese aeree integrate da sopralluoghi finalizzati alla verifica a terra delle evidenze. Partendo proprio dalle ricerche e dal cospicuo materiale grafico (125 disegni) e fotografico (305 fotogrammi) di Stein, sono stati indagati un totale di 73 siti, geolocalizzati ed esaminati mediante l’utilizzo di foto cosmiche Corona KH-4B e Hexagon KH-9, ovvero mediante immagini storiche acquisite dai satelliti spia americani tra gli anni ’60 e gli anni ’80 del Novecento e oggi declassificate per uso civile. Queste immagini permettono di documentare insediamenti e relativi territori prima delle recenti trasformazioni, consentendone la contestualizzazione in un paesaggio storico molto vicino a quello antico. L’area d’indagine, nel dettaglio, fino alla prima metà del Novecento, era stata interessata da una scarsa antropizzazione, essendo inoltre per lo più abitata da popolazioni nomadi; mentre dal secondo dopoguerra, in questi territori si è assistito alla nascita e all’espansione di centri abitati, alla diffusione dell’agricoltura meccanizzata e alla realizzazione di infrastrutture che hanno modificato il paesaggio, talvolta distruggendo e obliterando numerose evidenze antiche. La fotointerpretazione delle foto cosmiche ha, pertanto, consentito una ricostruzione del paesaggio, il più vicino possibile a quello documentato da Stein e dunque anche a quello storico, e ha inoltre permesso di esaminare lo stato di conservazione delle rovine, verificabile per i tempi recenti sulle immagini satellitari ad alta e altissima risoluzione. Alla luce di quanto esaminato nel lavoro, si è avuto modo di constatare che su 73 casi studio analizzati, 34 sono strettamente correlati alla frontiera romana, rappresentata da forti e fortezze che attestano le tre principali fasi di edificazione e strutturazione del Limes, avvenute rispettivamente in età traianea (fine I-inizi II d.C.), severiana (fine II- inizi III d.C.) e dioclezianea (fine III-inizi IV d.C.). Nel presente lavoro, in particolare, si è andato a confermare un quadro squilibrato fra le evidenze archeologiche relative alle guarnigioni di età traianea, per le quali si registra soltanto un caso studio, e quelle di età severiana e tetrarchica, per le quali invece, si registrano diverse attestazioni. Per quanto riguarda invece l’analisi dei restanti insediamenti, l’esame territoriale, eseguito sulle foto cosmiche, relativamente a contesti ed emergenze apparentemente non legate al Limes, hanno portato ad esplorare e individuare aree, percorsi viari e strutture fortificate, talvolta note, ma le cui tracce oggi non sono più leggibili, e talvolta completamente sconosciute. Partendo dalle necessarie premesse relative alla natura e alla storia del Limes e analizzando con una mentalità critica le tracce leggibili dalla documentazione satellitare storica, sono stati raccolti numerosi dati editi e, soprattutto, inediti. Infine, la creazione di una piattaforma GIS appositamente dedicata rende, come fine ultimo, questo lavoro un vero e proprio strumento di ricerca per la conoscenza del Limes, dal quale ripartire e da incrementare con il prosieguo delle ricerche.
INFRASTRUTTURE E STRUTTURE DI CONFINE. Lo studio aerotopografico del Limes orientale tra Iraq e Giordania: dalle foto aeree di Sir Aurel Stein alle immagini satellitari storiche e recenti / Di Palma, Francesca. - (2025 Feb 06).
INFRASTRUTTURE E STRUTTURE DI CONFINE. Lo studio aerotopografico del Limes orientale tra Iraq e Giordania: dalle foto aeree di Sir Aurel Stein alle immagini satellitari storiche e recenti.
DI PALMA, FRANCESCA
2025-02-06
Abstract
The objective of this thesis is to undertake an aerotopographic study of a section of the Roman Eastern Limes, situated between the middle valley of the Euphrates and the Gulf of Aqaba. This was achieved through the systematic utilisation of historical and contemporary remote sensing documentation, obtained from aerial and satellite platforms. The study serves to provide an analysis and synthesis of a series of published and particularly unpublished data pertaining to the fortified structures and road infrastructures that characterised the Roman frontier. The thesis work is based on the explorations of the Hungarian-English archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein, who, following in the footsteps of Father Antoine Poidebard, carried out a study mission in 1938-1939. This initiative sought to investigate historic centres and routes along the Roman Eastern Limes, which connects Iraq and Jordan and it employed a systematic use of aerial photography in conjunction with ground surveys. Based on Stein's research and extensive graphic material (125 drawings) and photographic material (305 frames), 73 sites were explored, geolocated, and evaluated using Corona KH-4B and Hexagon KH-9 cosmic photographs. These are historical photographs obtained by American spy satellites during the 1960s and 1980s that have recently been declassified. These images enable the documentation of towns and their respective regions prior to recent modifications, allowing them to be contextualised in a historical setting that is remarkably similar to the ancient one. Until the first half of the twentieth century, the area under investigation had experienced limited anthropization, with nomadic populations occupying the majority of the territory; however, since the post-World War II period, settlements have emerged and expanded, mechanised agriculture has spread, and infrastructures have been built, altering the landscape and sometimes destroying and obliterating numerous ancient remains. The photointerpretation of cosmic photos has thus allowed for a reconstruction of the landscape as close as possible to that documented by Stein and thus to the historical one, as well as the examination of the ruins' state of preservation, which has recently been verified through high and very high-resolution satellite images. According to the findings of the study, 34 of the 73 case studies examined are closely related to the Roman frontier, represented by forts and fortresses that attest to the three main phases of construction and structuring of the Limes, which occurred respectively in the Trajanic period (late 1st-early 2nd century AD), Severan period (late 2nd-early 3rd century AD), and Diocletian period (late 3nd-early 4rd century AD). In particular, the current study indicates a disparity between archaeological evidence related to Trajanic garrisons, for which only one case study is recorded, and those from the Severan and Tetrarchic periods, for which many attestations are recorded. With regard to the remaining settlements, the territorial examination conducted on cosmic photos concerning contexts and emergencies seemingly unrelated to the Limes has yielded the exploration and identification of areas, roadways, and fortified structures. Among these are known entities whose traces are no longer legible today, and others that are completely unknown. Starting from the necessary premises concerning the nature and history of the Eastern Limes and analysing with a critical mind the traces readable from historical satellite documentation, numerous published and, above all, unpublished data were collected. Finally, the creation of a specially dedicated GIS platform makes this work a true research tool for the knowledge of the Limes, from which to start and to increase as research continues.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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