Between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s, the profound and often contradictory transformations of southern Italian society, combined with the relaunch of the regional system and attempts to revise the extraordinary intervention policies, brought new urgency to the need for a skilled administrative and entrepreneurial class capable of facing contemporary challenges. In this context, the Formez (Centre for Training and Studies for the Development of the South) began to reinterpret its foundational mission. Initially part of the ecosystem of development bodies tied to the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno (Casmez)—alongside IASIM, INSUD, Finam, and Fime—Formez had been charged with planning and delivering training services for public administration and enterprises, aiming to enhance technical, organizational, and project-oriented skills while promoting a rational culture of efficiency. In responding to the economic, social, and institutional transformations of the late twentieth century, the Centre retained the legacy of New Deal-inspired approaches to development, as they had been reinterpreted in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s by figures such as Sergio Paronetto, Gino Martinoli, and Giorgio Ceriani Sebregondi. These intellectuals had emphasized the importance of recognizing the internal diversity of the South and of supporting not only productivity but also the development of institutional and cultural factors. The convergence of Christian democratic and socialist reformist cultures remained central in this phase. Leadership roles at the Centre were held by long-standing collaborators of Giulio Pastore—Sergio Zoppi, who succeeded Giovanni Marongiu in 1976, and Anna De Lauro Matera, who remained vice-president. Formez was closely linked to the public and semi-public institutions engaged in southern development through its shareholders—Casmez, IRI, IASIM, and SVIMEZ. It operated from three main offices: Rome (strategic direction), Naples and Cagliari (programming and implementation). The institution was particularly involved in the “completion” of regionalization initiated by Law No. 382 of 1975 and DPR No. 616 of 1977, which transferred a number of competencies to ordinary-statute regions. This process forced Formez to place its mission at the intersection of a failed state reform (from the center-left era) and a revision of public intervention strategies in the South. The Centre cultivated strong ties with public law scholars and the community of administrative science experts engaged in designing the regional system. Key influences included the Christian humanism of Vittorio Bachelet and the anti-dogmatic, historicist approach of Massimo Severo Giannini. Both recognized the expanding role of public administration in response to complex societal demands and the importance of negotiation-based governance models. In their view, regional structures and local autonomy—provided they were managed by functionally competent cadres—could address the economic and institutional diversification taking place in the South. This led Formez to deepen its collaboration with jurists such as Giannini, Marongiu, Massimo Annesi, Giorgio Pastori, Sabino Cassese, and Donatello Serrani. At the same time, Formez became a hub for a segment of Italian economists influenced by Keynes and Sraffa, who sought to rethink public programming and neokeynesian paradigms. Figures such as Antonio Pedone, Piero Giarda, and Gianfranco Cerea contributed to new approaches on public finance, fiscal policy, cost-benefit analysis, and the interaction between economic planning and regional development. Their insights fed into the Centre’s studies and were reflected in the “Quaderni regionali” publication series. By the early 1990s, the technical staff of Formez had grown to over 200 professionals operating across disciplines, from law to economics to administrative science. Formez's increasing focus on regionalization was shaped by changes in southern development policy. Legislative reforms in 1976 and 1978 reshaped the system of development agencies, placing the Centre under stricter oversight by the Ministry for Extraordinary Interventions and aligning its goals with regional plans. While the Casmez gradually declined and was eventually shut down in 1984, Formez began to redefine itself as an institution straddling the boundary between public intervention and market responsiveness. The 1980–1982 downturn in extraordinary funding prompted a pivot toward regional governments and local authorities. The legislative decree of April 3, 1993 (No. 96) placed the Centre under the Ministry for Public Administration, formally confirming its role in civil service training. The history of Formez between the late 1970s and early 1990s highlights the presence of intellectually active and reform-oriented sectors within the apparatus of extraordinary intervention. This experience challenges conventional narratives that divide southern development policy into a “heroic” early phase and a later era of decline. Instead, Formez’s trajectory illustrates how attempts at reform, though often unsuccessful, were shaped by an acute awareness of the evolving socio-economic context: a South caught between rural tradition, industrial modernization, and post-industrial complexity. It was a time of “double transition,” as agrarian legacies gave way to both industrial and post-modern influences, coexisting and clashing in new and unstable configurations. What makes the Formez experience significant is its clear recognition of the intersections between transition, marginality, and dependency. Rather than a monolithic or degenerative apparatus, it appears as a site of critical engagement and experimentation within a changing southern Italy. Its commitment to training, administrative reform, and the support of decentralized governance models stands as a testament to the complexity—and the potential—of public intervention in a society undergoing radical transformation.
Nel ventennio compreso tra la seconda metà degli anni Settanta e i primi anni Novanta, il Formez (Centro di Formazione e Studi) rappresentò un osservatorio privilegiato delle trasformazioni istituzionali, economiche e culturali che investirono il Mezzogiorno italiano. In un contesto segnato dal rilancio dell’ordinamento regionale, dalla crisi dell’intervento straordinario e dalla crescente complessità sociale e produttiva del Sud, l’istituto rielaborò in profondità le sue finalità originarie. Fondato in seno alla galassia degli enti collegati alla Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, il Formez si era distinto sin dall’inizio per il ruolo nella progettazione e nell’erogazione di servizi formativi rivolti alla pubblica amministrazione e al tessuto imprenditoriale meridionale, con l’obiettivo di potenziare competenze tecnico-scientifiche, manageriali e progettuali. Nel nuovo scenario post-1975, segnato dalla riforma regionale e dal progressivo declino della Casmez, il Formez cercò di conciliare l’eredità del paradigma sviluppista di matrice newdealista, reinterpretato in Italia da figure come Paronetto, Martinoli e Ceriani Sebregondi, con le istanze emergenti di pluralismo istituzionale, decentramento e innovazione amministrativa. Tale sforzo fu sostenuto da un dialogo intenso con importanti esponenti della scienza dell’amministrazione e del diritto pubblico, da Vittorio Bachelet a Massimo Severo Giannini, impegnati anch’essi nella riflessione sulla riforma dello Stato e sulla regionalizzazione. La collaborazione con queste comunità epistemiche contribuì a definire una visione della pubblica amministrazione come attore centrale dello sviluppo in un contesto democratico, complesso e aperto al conflitto regolato. Parallelamente, il Formez divenne anche luogo di confronto e sperimentazione per una generazione di economisti italiani che, tra ispirazioni keynesiane e influssi cantabrigensi, si interrogavano sulla revisione delle tecniche di programmazione e sugli strumenti dell’intervento pubblico. Studiosi come Pedone, Spaventa, Giarda e Cerea offrirono contributi fondamentali nella definizione di nuove politiche per la spesa pubblica, la finanza locale, le analisi costi-benefici e il rapporto tra economia e istituzioni. Il Centro costituì così uno snodo tra riflessione teorica e pratiche operative, dando forma a un’intensa produzione scientifica, condensata nei “Quaderni regionali”, e a un complesso sistema di formazione e consulenza rivolto alle amministrazioni locali. La regionalizzazione rappresentò la principale sfida e opportunità: la legge 382/1975 e il Dpr 616/1977 collocavano il Formez nel cuore del processo di costruzione del nuovo ordinamento territoriale, affidandogli un ruolo strategico nella formazione dei quadri regionali e nella definizione dei programmi esecutivi. In questo quadro, il Centro fu progressivamente attratto nell’orbita delle Regioni, in un rapporto dialettico con il Mism e il Cipe, che ne ridefinì compiti, equilibri e missione. La crisi dell’intervento straordinario, culminata con la chiusura della Casmez nel 1984, e il progressivo disimpegno dello Stato centrale, spinsero il Formez a riposizionarsi come ente a metà tra pubblico e mercato, rinnovando la propria offerta formativa e la propria funzione di supporto allo sviluppo locale in sintonia con le esigenze emergenti dei territori. In questo scenario, il Centro intercettò e rappresentò una “doppia transizione” nella civilizzazione meridionale: da un lato, la lenta dissoluzione del retaggio contadino e l’adozione di modelli industriali razionali; dall’altro, l’avvento di una società post-moderna, affluente e individualista, ancora segnata però da vincoli di dipendenza esterna. La riflessione promossa dal Formez si mosse consapevolmente lungo la linea di frattura tra vecchio e nuovo, in un contesto attraversato da crisi e riconfigurazioni, interpretando la regionalizzazione non come semplice redistribuzione di competenze, ma come dispositivo per affrontare il pluralismo e la differenziazione socio-territoriale. L’esperienza del Formez in questo periodo, tuttora poco indagata dalla storiografia, invita a riconsiderare la narrazione binaria dell’intervento straordinario come progressiva degenerazione post-anni Settanta. Essa mostra invece l’esistenza di segmenti consapevoli e riformatori, impegnati in un tentativo – per quanto non privo di ambiguità e contraddizioni – di aggiornare lo strumentario concettuale e operativo delle politiche pubbliche meridionalistiche. L’attività del Centro si pose come laboratorio di sperimentazione di nuove forme di intervento, in cui formazione, programmazione e cultura manageriale si saldavano alla volontà di accompagnare un Mezzogiorno in trasformazione verso la modernità avanzata, senza rinunciare a interrogarsi criticamente sulle forme del potere pubblico e sulle sfide dell’autonomia regionale.
Il Formez, la regionalizzazione dello Stato e la crisi di identità dell’intervento straordinario (1977-1993)
Antonio Bonatesta
2025-01-01
Abstract
Between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s, the profound and often contradictory transformations of southern Italian society, combined with the relaunch of the regional system and attempts to revise the extraordinary intervention policies, brought new urgency to the need for a skilled administrative and entrepreneurial class capable of facing contemporary challenges. In this context, the Formez (Centre for Training and Studies for the Development of the South) began to reinterpret its foundational mission. Initially part of the ecosystem of development bodies tied to the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno (Casmez)—alongside IASIM, INSUD, Finam, and Fime—Formez had been charged with planning and delivering training services for public administration and enterprises, aiming to enhance technical, organizational, and project-oriented skills while promoting a rational culture of efficiency. In responding to the economic, social, and institutional transformations of the late twentieth century, the Centre retained the legacy of New Deal-inspired approaches to development, as they had been reinterpreted in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s by figures such as Sergio Paronetto, Gino Martinoli, and Giorgio Ceriani Sebregondi. These intellectuals had emphasized the importance of recognizing the internal diversity of the South and of supporting not only productivity but also the development of institutional and cultural factors. The convergence of Christian democratic and socialist reformist cultures remained central in this phase. Leadership roles at the Centre were held by long-standing collaborators of Giulio Pastore—Sergio Zoppi, who succeeded Giovanni Marongiu in 1976, and Anna De Lauro Matera, who remained vice-president. Formez was closely linked to the public and semi-public institutions engaged in southern development through its shareholders—Casmez, IRI, IASIM, and SVIMEZ. It operated from three main offices: Rome (strategic direction), Naples and Cagliari (programming and implementation). The institution was particularly involved in the “completion” of regionalization initiated by Law No. 382 of 1975 and DPR No. 616 of 1977, which transferred a number of competencies to ordinary-statute regions. This process forced Formez to place its mission at the intersection of a failed state reform (from the center-left era) and a revision of public intervention strategies in the South. The Centre cultivated strong ties with public law scholars and the community of administrative science experts engaged in designing the regional system. Key influences included the Christian humanism of Vittorio Bachelet and the anti-dogmatic, historicist approach of Massimo Severo Giannini. Both recognized the expanding role of public administration in response to complex societal demands and the importance of negotiation-based governance models. In their view, regional structures and local autonomy—provided they were managed by functionally competent cadres—could address the economic and institutional diversification taking place in the South. This led Formez to deepen its collaboration with jurists such as Giannini, Marongiu, Massimo Annesi, Giorgio Pastori, Sabino Cassese, and Donatello Serrani. At the same time, Formez became a hub for a segment of Italian economists influenced by Keynes and Sraffa, who sought to rethink public programming and neokeynesian paradigms. Figures such as Antonio Pedone, Piero Giarda, and Gianfranco Cerea contributed to new approaches on public finance, fiscal policy, cost-benefit analysis, and the interaction between economic planning and regional development. Their insights fed into the Centre’s studies and were reflected in the “Quaderni regionali” publication series. By the early 1990s, the technical staff of Formez had grown to over 200 professionals operating across disciplines, from law to economics to administrative science. Formez's increasing focus on regionalization was shaped by changes in southern development policy. Legislative reforms in 1976 and 1978 reshaped the system of development agencies, placing the Centre under stricter oversight by the Ministry for Extraordinary Interventions and aligning its goals with regional plans. While the Casmez gradually declined and was eventually shut down in 1984, Formez began to redefine itself as an institution straddling the boundary between public intervention and market responsiveness. The 1980–1982 downturn in extraordinary funding prompted a pivot toward regional governments and local authorities. The legislative decree of April 3, 1993 (No. 96) placed the Centre under the Ministry for Public Administration, formally confirming its role in civil service training. The history of Formez between the late 1970s and early 1990s highlights the presence of intellectually active and reform-oriented sectors within the apparatus of extraordinary intervention. This experience challenges conventional narratives that divide southern development policy into a “heroic” early phase and a later era of decline. Instead, Formez’s trajectory illustrates how attempts at reform, though often unsuccessful, were shaped by an acute awareness of the evolving socio-economic context: a South caught between rural tradition, industrial modernization, and post-industrial complexity. It was a time of “double transition,” as agrarian legacies gave way to both industrial and post-modern influences, coexisting and clashing in new and unstable configurations. What makes the Formez experience significant is its clear recognition of the intersections between transition, marginality, and dependency. Rather than a monolithic or degenerative apparatus, it appears as a site of critical engagement and experimentation within a changing southern Italy. Its commitment to training, administrative reform, and the support of decentralized governance models stands as a testament to the complexity—and the potential—of public intervention in a society undergoing radical transformation.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


