The development of European gymnastics in the 19th century: models, networks and connections

The paper aims to increase the knowledge of the international events that fostered the development of gymnastics in European states in the 19th century, particularly in Italy. The research analyzes sources relating to gymnastics congresses, exhibitions, and coeval publications that facilitated comparative reflections on gymnastics. The methodology used intends to bring new elements to understand the construction of European gymnastic and sporting systems. According to Tomlinson and Young, the Latin hybrid area – which included Italy – had been influenced by the main continental systems. The author of this paper disproved the absence of the “apostles of gymnastics” in the Latin area, who proved, instead, capable of confronting the European gymnasiarchs, and spreading their teaching methods in their countries. Finally, the contribution explores the links between European gymnastics influenced by the principles of militarism and the formation of a colonial mentality during the scramble for Africa.