The subject that was analysed in the thesis work relates to a decisive, and yet still little investigated, profile of the contractualisation of public employment relations. Indeed, in establishing that «individual employment relationships [with public administrations] are regulated by contract», Article 2(3) of Legislative Decree No. 29/1993 (and now Article 2(3) of Legislative Decree No. 165/2001) posed the question of the legal qualification of the interest of the performance creditor. Specifically, the research starts from the analysis of Article 97, para. 2 of the italian Constitution, which – due to the connection existing in the public sector between the regulatory profiles pertaining to the organisation of public administrations and the profiles relating, instead, to the management of labour relations – poses a delicate legal question concerning the relationship between the principles of impartiality and good performance of the administrative organisation and the principle of freedom of collective bargaining enshrined in Article 39, para. 1 of the italian Constitution. The aim of the research, therefore, was to ascertain whether the collective bargaining activity of the public administration is functional to the realisation of public interests referred to in Article 97 of the Constitution. With this in mind, the first chapter of the thesis focused on the relationship between the individual public employment contract and the public interests referred to Article 97 of the Constitution in order to ascertain whether the principle of good performance of the administrative organisation is capable of affecting the cause of the contract stipulated between the public administration and the public employee, or whether the relationship between the parties is based, as in the private sector, on the exchange between work performance and remuneration. Well, the research made it possible to ascertain how, among the various interpretations proposed of the problem in question, the most acceptable – because it is more consistent with the regulatory framework following contractualisation and with certain reconstructions proposed on the subject of the relationship between organisation and employment contract in the private sector – was the doctrinal orientation that read the problem in question in a “contractualist” key. Indeed, it should be recalled that, by virtue of Article 5 of Legislative Decree No. 165/2001, the public administration has been legally equated with the private employer. It follows that, if one agrees with the thesis that holds that in the private sector the management of labour relations by the employer is instrumental to the realisation of the lucrative purpose, even in public employment, according to the teaching of Massimo Severo Giannini, when the Public Administration hires personnel it must be considered the bearer of an instrumental interest in the care of the public purposes for which it is entrusted. Now, this instrumental interest is in fact an “organisational” interest and, therefore, proper to the Public Administration and neutral from the point of view of legal qualification. It follows that – just as in private employment the profit motive does not affect the cause of the employment contract – in the same way, in the public sector, this interest is causally irrelevant in the relationship between the public administration and the public employee. This leads to the conclusion, therefore, that the individual public employment contract is not functionalised in the public interest pursuant to Article 97 of the Constitution but, like the private employment contract, is based on a mere exchange between work and remuneration pursuant to Article 2094 of the Civil Code. Once it had been clarified that the public administration's individual bargaining activity does not function to realise public interests pursuant to Article 97 of the Constitution, the second chapter focused on a further legal issue: that is, on the impact of the interests of good performance and impartiality of the administrative organisation on the system of collective bargaining in the public sector. The structure of collective bargaining in public employment, in fact, although it is left to the autonomy of the bargaining agents, suffers from a profound “intrusiveness” of the legislative source: the latter, in fact, predetermines the subjects, levels and procedures on the basis of which collective bargaining must take place. This occurs because the public employer – unlike the private employer that uses its own money to pursue a mere profit motive – administers public money in view of public interest goals. It follows that the activity of the public employer, in the phase preparatory to the stipulation of the contract, is subject to legal constraints functional to the realisation of public interests pursuant to Article 97 of the Constitution. This is why – in order to establish whether or not the collective agreement is functionalised to realise the public interests pursuant to Article 97, para. 2 of the Constitution – the third chapter analysed the degree to which the heteronomous nature of the collective bargaining system affects the nature and legal qualification of the public employment collective agreement. Now, if it is agreed that the contractualisation of the public employment relationship – leading the public employer to the position of party in the relationship with its employees – has entailed the application to the latter of the discipline of subordinate employment in the enterprise and, therefore, the qualification of the individual contract as a contract of exchange between work performance and remuneration pursuant to Article 2094 of the Civil Code, it must likewise be agreed that the parties' bargaining power cannot be considered as functional to realising the principles of impartiality and good performance pursuant to Article 97 of the Constitution but, on the contrary, as the original manifestation of the principle of trade union freedom pursuant to Article 39. Nevertheless, the public administration remains a subject bound by the law to pursue public interests: Article 97 para. 2 of the Constitution, therefore, plays a fundamental role in the collective bargaining activity of the public employer. In fact, insofar as it is encumbered by penetrating constraints and limitations, it is to be considered as aimed at the pursuit of public interests (Article 2, para. 1 of Law No. 421/1992; Article 1, para. 1 of Legislative Decree No. 29/1993) by legally predetermined subjects (Aran, management and bodies of the individual public administrations). This means that Article 1 of Legislative Decree No. 165/2001, where it provides that the organisation of offices and labour relations must be consistent with Article 97 of the Constitution, imposes a constraint of purpose on the public administration with reference both to organisational activity and to collective bargaining activity, albeit, in the latter case, limited to the process of forming the will of the public employer. Equally important in this respect is Article 81 of the Constitution, which - following the 2012 constitutional reform - requires the State to ensure «the balance between its revenue and expenditure, taking into account both adverse and favourable phases of the economic cycle». Well, within these terms, it seems reasonable to argue that in public employment there is an asymmetry of the constitutional basis of collective autonomy, which can be traced, on the side of public workers, to Article 39 co. 1 of the Italian Constitution, while, on the side of public administrations, to Article 97 of the Italian Constitution. On the basis of the aforementioned considerations, it was possible to conclude, therefore, that collective bargaining in public employment – like the individual contract entered into between public administration and public employee – cannot be considered functional to realise the public interests pursuant to Article 97, para. 2 of the Constitution, if not limited to the process of forming the will of the public employer.
Il tema che è stato sviluppato nel triennio di dottorato attiene a un punto decisivo, e ciononostante tuttora poco indagato, della contrattualizzazione dei rapporti di lavoro pubblico. Invero, nello stabilire che «i rapporti individuali di lavoro [alle dipendenze delle pubbliche amministrazioni] sono regolati contrattualmente», l'art. 2, co. 3, d.lgs. n. 29/1993 (e oggi l'art. 2, co. 3, d. lgs. n. 165/2001) ha posto la questione della qualificazione giuridica dell'interesse del creditore della prestazione. Nello specifico, la ricerca muove dall’analisi dell’art. 97 co. 2 Cost. che – a causa della connessione esistente nel settore pubblico tra i profili di disciplina attinenti all’organizzazione delle Pubbliche amministrazioni e i profili relativi, invece, all’attività di gestione dei rapporti di lavoro – pone una delicata questione giuridica in ordine al rapporto fra i principi dell’imparzialità e del buon andamento dell’organizzazione amministrativa e il principio di libertà di contrattazione collettiva sancito dall’art. 39 co. 1 Cost. L’obiettivo della ricerca, pertanto, è stato quello di appurare se l’attività di contrattazione delle Pubbliche amministrazioni sia funzionalizzata o meno alla realizzazione degli interessi pubblici ex art. 97 Cost. In questa prospettiva, nel primo capitolo della tesi – dopo aver esaminato l’evoluzione dell’assetto giuridico del rapporto di lavoro pubblico dalle origini fino alla contrattualizzazione degli anni Novanta – ci si è soffermati sul rapporto tra il contratto individuale di lavoro pubblico e gli interessi pubblici ex art. 97 Cost. al fine di accertare se il principio di buon andamento dell’organizzazione amministrativa sia idoneo ad incidere sulla causa del contratto stipulato tra la Pubblica amministrazione e il dipendente pubblico oppure se il rapporto fra le parti si fondi, parimenti a quanto accade nel settore privato, sullo scambio fra prestazione lavorativa e controprestazione retributiva. Ebbene, la ricerca ha consentito di appurare come, fra le varie interpretazioni proposte del problema in esame, maggiormente condivisibile – perché più coerente con l’assetto normativo conseguente alla contrattualizzazione e con alcune ricostruzioni proposte in tema di rapporto fra organizzazione e contratto di lavoro nell’ambito del settore privato – è risultato l’orientamento dottrinale che ha letto il problema in esame in chiave “contrattualistica”. Invero, giova rammentare che, per effetto dell’art. 5 d.lgs. n. 165/2001, la Pubblica amministrazione sia stata legalmente parificata al datore di lavoro privato: essa, infatti, nella gestione dei rapporti di lavoro agisce con le «capacità e i poteri» propri di quest’ultimo. Ne deriva che, se si condivide la tesi che ritiene che nel settore privato la gestione dei rapporti di lavoro da parte del datore di lavoro sia strumentale alla realizzazione dello scopo lucrativo, anche nel lavoro pubblico, secondo l’insegnamento di Massimo Severo Giannini, la Pubblica amministrazione quando assume personale deve essere considerata portatrice di un interesse strumentale alla cura degli scopi pubblici di cui la stessa è affidataria. Ora, questo interesse strumentale è nei fatti un interesse “organizzatorio” e, dunque, proprio della Pubblica amministrazione e neutro dal punto di vista della qualificazione giuridica. Ne deriva che – così come nel lavoro privato lo scopo lucrativo non incide sulla causa del contratto di lavoro – allo stesso modo, nel settore pubblico, questo interesse è causalmente irrilevante nel rapporto fra la Pubblica amministrazione e il dipendente pubblico. Ciò porta a concludere, dunque, che il contratto individuale di lavoro pubblico non sia funzionalizzato agli interessi pubblici ex art. 97 Cost. ma che, al pari del contratto di lavoro privato, sia fondato su un mero scambio fra lavoro e retribuzione ex art. 2094 c.c. Una volta chiarito che l’attività di contrattazione individuale della Pubblica amministrazione non è funzionalizzata a realizzare gli interessi pubblici ex art. 97 Cost., nel secondo capitolo ci si è soffermati su un’ulteriore questione giuridica: ossia, sull’incidenza degli interessi al buon andamento e all’imparzialità dell’organizzazione amministrativa sul sistema di contrattazione collettiva del settore pubblico. La struttura della contrattazione collettiva del lavoro pubblico, infatti, pur venendo rimessa all’autonomia degli agenti negoziali, risente di una profonda “invadenza” della fonte legislativa: quest’ultima, infatti, predetermina i soggetti, i livelli e le procedure in base alle quali la negoziazione collettiva dovrà svolgersi. Ciò si verifica poiché il datore di lavoro pubblico – a differenza del datore di lavoro privato che utilizza denaro proprio al fine di perseguire un mero scopo lucrativo – amministra denaro pubblico in vista di mutevoli finalità di interesse pubblico. Ne deriva che l’attività del datore di lavoro pubblico, nella fase propedeutica alla stipulazione del contratto, risulta assoggettata a vincoli legali funzionali alla realizzazione degli interessi pubblici ex art. 97 Cost. Ecco perché – al fine di stabilire se il contratto collettivo è funzionalizzato o meno a realizzare gli interessi pubblici ex art. 97 co. 2 Cost – nel terzo capitolo oggetto di analisi è stato il grado di incidenza del carattere eteronomo del sistema di contrattazione collettiva sulla natura e sulla qualificazione giuridica del contratto collettivo del lavoro pubblico. Ora, se si conviene che la contrattualizzazione del rapporto di pubblico impiego – riconducendo il datore di lavoro pubblico alla posizione di parte nel rapporto con i propri dipendenti – abbia comportato l’applicazione a quest’ultimo della disciplina del lavoro subordinato nell’impresa e, dunque, la qualificazione del contratto individuale come contratto di scambio fra prestazione di lavoro e retribuzione ex art. 2094 c.c., dovrà parimenti convenirsi che il potere contrattuale delle parti non possa essere considerato come funzionalizzato a realizzare i principi di imparzialità e buon andamento ex art. 97 Cost. ma, al contrario, come manifestazione originaria del principio di libertà sindacale ex art. 39 co. 1. Ciononostante, la Pubblica amministrazione resta un soggetto vincolato dall’ordinamento a perseguire interessi pubblici: l’art. 97 co. 2 Cost., dunque, ha comunque un ruolo fondamentale nell’attività di contrattazione collettiva del datore di lavoro pubblico. Essa, infatti, in quanto gravata da penetranti vincoli e limitazioni, va considerata come finalizzata alla cura di interessi pubblici (art. 2 co. 1 L. n. 421/1992; art. 1, co. 1 d.lgs. n. 29/1993) da parte di soggetti legalmente predeterminati (Aran, dirigenza e organi delle singole Pubbliche amministrazioni). Di conseguenza, «mentre per il rapporto individuale di lavoro le amministrazioni agiscono ex art. 4, c. 2, D.lgs. n. 29/1993 con i poteri e le capacità del privato datore di lavoro, onde ogni funzionalizzazione deve ritenersi esclusa, nel conflitto di interessi a livello collettivo riemergono i vincoli costituzionali gravanti sulla pubblica amministrazione, che al contempo ne legittimano l’esistenza e ne diversificano il regime giuridico di attività da quello dell’impresa privata». Ciò significa che l’art. 1 d.lgs. n. 165/2001, laddove prevede che l’organizzazione degli uffici e i rapporti di lavoro siano coerenti con l’art. 97 Cost., impone un vincolo di scopo in capo alla Pubblica amministrazione in riferimento sia all’attività organizzativa sia all’attività di contrattazione collettiva, anche se, in quest’ultimo caso, limitatamente al processo di formazione della volontà del datore di lavoro pubblico. Analogo rilievo sotto tale profilo assume altresì l’art. 81 Cost. che – a seguito della riforma costituzionale del 2012 – impone allo Stato di garantire «l’equilibrio tra le entrate e le spese del proprio bilancio, tenendo conto delle fasi avverse e delle fasi favorevoli del ciclo economico». Ebbene, entro questi termini, appare ragionevole sostenere che nel lavoro pubblico vi sia una asimmetria del fondamento costituzionale dell’autonomia collettiva che è riconducibile, dal lato dei lavoratori pubblici all’art. 39 co. 1 Cost., mentre, dal lato delle Pubbliche amministrazioni, all’art. 97 Cost. Sulla base delle predette considerazioni, è stato possibile concludere, dunque, come la contrattazione collettiva del lavoro pubblico – al pari del contratto individuale stipulato fra Pubblica amministrazione e dipendente pubblico – non possa essere considerata funzionalizzata a realizzare gli interessi pubblici ex art. 97 co. 2 Cost., se non limitatamente al processo di formazione della volontà del datore di lavoro pubblico.
Interessi pubblici e interessi collettivi nella contrattazione collettiva dei dipendenti pubblici / Chiaramonte, Marco. - (2024 Apr 10).
Interessi pubblici e interessi collettivi nella contrattazione collettiva dei dipendenti pubblici
CHIARAMONTE, MARCO
2024-04-10
Abstract
The subject that was analysed in the thesis work relates to a decisive, and yet still little investigated, profile of the contractualisation of public employment relations. Indeed, in establishing that «individual employment relationships [with public administrations] are regulated by contract», Article 2(3) of Legislative Decree No. 29/1993 (and now Article 2(3) of Legislative Decree No. 165/2001) posed the question of the legal qualification of the interest of the performance creditor. Specifically, the research starts from the analysis of Article 97, para. 2 of the italian Constitution, which – due to the connection existing in the public sector between the regulatory profiles pertaining to the organisation of public administrations and the profiles relating, instead, to the management of labour relations – poses a delicate legal question concerning the relationship between the principles of impartiality and good performance of the administrative organisation and the principle of freedom of collective bargaining enshrined in Article 39, para. 1 of the italian Constitution. The aim of the research, therefore, was to ascertain whether the collective bargaining activity of the public administration is functional to the realisation of public interests referred to in Article 97 of the Constitution. With this in mind, the first chapter of the thesis focused on the relationship between the individual public employment contract and the public interests referred to Article 97 of the Constitution in order to ascertain whether the principle of good performance of the administrative organisation is capable of affecting the cause of the contract stipulated between the public administration and the public employee, or whether the relationship between the parties is based, as in the private sector, on the exchange between work performance and remuneration. Well, the research made it possible to ascertain how, among the various interpretations proposed of the problem in question, the most acceptable – because it is more consistent with the regulatory framework following contractualisation and with certain reconstructions proposed on the subject of the relationship between organisation and employment contract in the private sector – was the doctrinal orientation that read the problem in question in a “contractualist” key. Indeed, it should be recalled that, by virtue of Article 5 of Legislative Decree No. 165/2001, the public administration has been legally equated with the private employer. It follows that, if one agrees with the thesis that holds that in the private sector the management of labour relations by the employer is instrumental to the realisation of the lucrative purpose, even in public employment, according to the teaching of Massimo Severo Giannini, when the Public Administration hires personnel it must be considered the bearer of an instrumental interest in the care of the public purposes for which it is entrusted. Now, this instrumental interest is in fact an “organisational” interest and, therefore, proper to the Public Administration and neutral from the point of view of legal qualification. It follows that – just as in private employment the profit motive does not affect the cause of the employment contract – in the same way, in the public sector, this interest is causally irrelevant in the relationship between the public administration and the public employee. This leads to the conclusion, therefore, that the individual public employment contract is not functionalised in the public interest pursuant to Article 97 of the Constitution but, like the private employment contract, is based on a mere exchange between work and remuneration pursuant to Article 2094 of the Civil Code. Once it had been clarified that the public administration's individual bargaining activity does not function to realise public interests pursuant to Article 97 of the Constitution, the second chapter focused on a further legal issue: that is, on the impact of the interests of good performance and impartiality of the administrative organisation on the system of collective bargaining in the public sector. The structure of collective bargaining in public employment, in fact, although it is left to the autonomy of the bargaining agents, suffers from a profound “intrusiveness” of the legislative source: the latter, in fact, predetermines the subjects, levels and procedures on the basis of which collective bargaining must take place. This occurs because the public employer – unlike the private employer that uses its own money to pursue a mere profit motive – administers public money in view of public interest goals. It follows that the activity of the public employer, in the phase preparatory to the stipulation of the contract, is subject to legal constraints functional to the realisation of public interests pursuant to Article 97 of the Constitution. This is why – in order to establish whether or not the collective agreement is functionalised to realise the public interests pursuant to Article 97, para. 2 of the Constitution – the third chapter analysed the degree to which the heteronomous nature of the collective bargaining system affects the nature and legal qualification of the public employment collective agreement. Now, if it is agreed that the contractualisation of the public employment relationship – leading the public employer to the position of party in the relationship with its employees – has entailed the application to the latter of the discipline of subordinate employment in the enterprise and, therefore, the qualification of the individual contract as a contract of exchange between work performance and remuneration pursuant to Article 2094 of the Civil Code, it must likewise be agreed that the parties' bargaining power cannot be considered as functional to realising the principles of impartiality and good performance pursuant to Article 97 of the Constitution but, on the contrary, as the original manifestation of the principle of trade union freedom pursuant to Article 39. Nevertheless, the public administration remains a subject bound by the law to pursue public interests: Article 97 para. 2 of the Constitution, therefore, plays a fundamental role in the collective bargaining activity of the public employer. In fact, insofar as it is encumbered by penetrating constraints and limitations, it is to be considered as aimed at the pursuit of public interests (Article 2, para. 1 of Law No. 421/1992; Article 1, para. 1 of Legislative Decree No. 29/1993) by legally predetermined subjects (Aran, management and bodies of the individual public administrations). This means that Article 1 of Legislative Decree No. 165/2001, where it provides that the organisation of offices and labour relations must be consistent with Article 97 of the Constitution, imposes a constraint of purpose on the public administration with reference both to organisational activity and to collective bargaining activity, albeit, in the latter case, limited to the process of forming the will of the public employer. Equally important in this respect is Article 81 of the Constitution, which - following the 2012 constitutional reform - requires the State to ensure «the balance between its revenue and expenditure, taking into account both adverse and favourable phases of the economic cycle». Well, within these terms, it seems reasonable to argue that in public employment there is an asymmetry of the constitutional basis of collective autonomy, which can be traced, on the side of public workers, to Article 39 co. 1 of the Italian Constitution, while, on the side of public administrations, to Article 97 of the Italian Constitution. On the basis of the aforementioned considerations, it was possible to conclude, therefore, that collective bargaining in public employment – like the individual contract entered into between public administration and public employee – cannot be considered functional to realise the public interests pursuant to Article 97, para. 2 of the Constitution, if not limited to the process of forming the will of the public employer.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


