Ocular manifestations of cryoglobulinemia: a reappraisal

Background/Objectives: To describe frequency and type of ocular manifestations in patients with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV), as well as management approaches and outcomes.Subjects/Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, cohort study of patients who were diagnosed with CV at a single center and regularly underwent a comprehensive ocular assessment.Results: Ophthalmologic manifestations were recorded in 16 patients (28%). The diagnoses included dry eye disease and primary Sjogren syndrome in 5 and 2 patients, respectively; peripheral ulcerative keratitis and anterior scleritis in 1 patient each; hyperviscosity syndrome and hypertensive retinopathy in 2 patients each; and Purtscher- like retinopathy in 3 patients. Twelve patients (75%) were anti-HCV/HCV RNA-positive, 11 of whom achieved a sustained virologic response (SVR) following treatment with interferon-alpha 2b plus ribavirin or direct-acting antivirals. All patients were treated with ocular lubricants. Systemic therapeutic measures, including glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive and biologic agents, induced the disappearance or >= 50% reduction of cryoglobulins and major signs of vasculitis in 11 patients (68.7%). In the remaining 5 patients (31.3%), cryoglobulins and CV manifestations remained unchanged or decreased by <50%. The corresponding ophthalmologic assessment showed a variable degree of improvement in the ocular symptoms in all but 2 patients (87.5%). The best corrected visual acuity following treatment improved in 26 eyes, was unchanged in 3 eyes, and worsened in 3 eyes.Conclusions: Eye involvement is not a rare event in CV patients. A timely diagnosis and the correct employment of the available therapeutic measures may result in a favorable outcome of the ocular and extra-ocular manifestations.