Anthropogenic noise effects on Risso's dolphin vocalizations in the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian sea, central Mediterranean sea)

Anthropogenic noise may significantly affect marine mammals’ vocalizations. The aim of this work is to describe for the first time the acoustic features of the click trains, buzzes, burst pulses and whistles produced by the Risso’s dolphins in the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean), the concurrent levels of noise to which dolphins are exposed, and the potential reactive changes in the acoustic structure of the species vocali- zations. About 6 h of recordings were collected from April 2019 to September 2022 during daytime boat surveys. Elevated ambient noise levels were mainly present at the frequencies lower than 63 Hz, at about 1 kHz and 50 kHz likely attributable to anthropogenic activity, such as shipping and sonars. Even if the acoustic features of all the vocalizations can be disrupted, especially with increasing noise below 1 kHz and between 20 and 63 kHz, the click trains were the most affected vocalizations, showing changes in their Inter-Click-Interval and in the Peak Amplitude. Since these vocalizations are used for navigation and searching for prey, their alteration raises concerns on the potential negative effects on the well-being of the Risso’s dolphin population in the Gulf of Taranto.