Chick embryo in experimental embryology and more

Chicken remains an undisputed, powerful, useful, and practical model in developmental research. Chick embryos have been used as model systems for studies in experimental embryology and teratology. As the chicken embryo develops outside the mother, effects of external stresses on cardiovascular development can be studied without interferences of maternal hormonal, metabolic, or hemodynamic alterations. In 2004, the first draft sequence of the complete chicken genome was released, allowing broad genetic analysis and comparison to humans, and enabling expansion of transgenic techniques within the chick model. The chick embryo is relatively simple, quick, and low-cost model. The main advantages of the chick as a model system for experimental embryology are the ease with cells and tissues can be labeled, transplanted, and cultured, along with its similarity to mammalian systems.