Recent trends in electrochemical nanobiosensors for environmental analysis

In recent years, there has been a huge need for fast and reliable methods for environmental monitoring. Conventional analytical techniques for environmental pollutants entail high cost, trained personnel and often are not available for in situ detection. Conversely, electrochemical nanobiosensors have the advantages of low cost, ease of use, portability and ability to perform both screening and real-time monitoring of the area under investigation. This paper presents a review of the use of electrochemical nanobiosensors for the analysis of environmental pollutants, taking into particular account the general principles and characteristics as well as some representative applications of protein, antibody and aptamer-based biosensors.