The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for greater cooperation between European states and a common response to global challenges. In this context, the Italian Constitution and the European project are closely linked, as both represent shared values and goals of solidarity, democracy and social progress. The European project, born after World War II with the aim of ensuring peace and prosperity in Europe, faced a major setback with the pandemic. The health emergency challenged the idea of a united, solid and united Europe, but also revealed the potential and challenges of European integration. Initially, the EU response to the pandemic was fragmented and uncoordinated, with Member States acting independently. However, during the 2020s, the EU found a way to act jointly through the Recovery and Resilience Fund and the Recovery and Resilience Mechanism, to support crisis-affected Member States and to promote economic recovery. From a historical perspective – in order to achieve the aims of the European Union and facilitate the integration process – Italy had adopted the euro and introduced a balanced budget in the constitution by reformulating Article 81 of the Constitution. This demonstrated Italy's great trust in the aims of the European project. This trust was put to the test during the pandemic, because the principle of a balanced budget (which prevents the generation of new money in deficit) risked blocking the chain of aid to all parts of the population affected by the Covid. The principle of balanced budgets had begun to work since 2012 – with some physiological suffering –, but the advent of the pandemic (in 2020) forced the Italian government to deliberate as many as six budget overruns until 2021, while waiting for the European Union to finalise Recovery Fund aid. During the pandemic, Italy also had to deal with an unprecedented health emergency, which required the adoption of extraordinary measures to contain the spread of the virus, while trying to respect the fundamental principles of the Italian Constitution, such as Article 32, which enshrines the right to health as a fundamental individual and collective right. In this context, the use of the green pass in Italy, i.e. a measure aimed at containing the spread of Covid-19 through the promotion of vaccination and access control in the public and private sphere, has created difficulties of interpretation. The green pass is a personal and non-transferable document attesting to one of the following conditions: vaccination against COVID-19, recovery from the disease, or negativity to the molecular or antigenic test. This document was later made compulsory for access to gyms, restaurants, swimming pools, clubs in general, and even to go to one's workplace, thus creating a real vaccination obligation. With the green pass regulation, the Italian government opted for a balance in favour of collective health, effectively penalising - at an individual level - those who did not want to vaccinate. Despite possible criticisms, European case law has upheld the legitimacy of similar measures, as demonstrated by the European Court of Justice's ruling of 8 April 2021, which upheld the European Commission's decision to propose the introduction of a 'digital green certificate' to facilitate free movement within the European Union. In other states, such as Poland, a balance more favourable to individual health protection has been adopted. The Polish government, in fact, only recommended vaccination to the population, obliging only certain restricted categories of people to inoculate themselves. Each state, therefore, decided according to its own sensitivity in this difficult situation. From a structural point of view, the spread of Covid-19 in Italy has been accentuated by the lack of an adequate pandemic plan (which would have entailed greater organisation and a more immediate response) and the defunding of the national health system over the years (which has led to hospital overload due to a lack of personnel, equipment and beds). An important step forward has been taken with the 2022 budget law, which seeks to revive the economic, business and healthcare system in Italy, raising hopes for an effective economic recovery. In conclusion, the Covid-19 pandemic represented a major challenge for the European project, but it also demonstrated the importance of cooperation and solidarity between EU Member States. The European Union has developed new tools and mechanisms to tackle the crisis and promote economic recovery, but it still faces many challenges to strengthen European integration and ensure prosperity and cohesion in Europe.
La pandemia Covid-19 ha messo in evidenza la necessità di una maggiore cooperazione tra gli Stati europei e di una risposta comune alle sfide globali. In questo contesto, la Costituzione italiana e il progetto europeo sono strettamente collegati, in quanto entrambi rappresentano valori e obiettivi condivisi di solidarietà, democrazia e progresso sociale. Il progetto europeo, nato nel secondo dopoguerra con l’obiettivo di garantire la pace e la prosperità in Europa, ha affrontato un grande ostacolo con la pandemia. L’emergenza sanitaria ha messo in discussione l’idea di una Europa unita, solida e solidale, ma ha anche rivelato le potenzialità e le sfide dell’integrazione europea. Inizialmente, la risposta dell’Unione europea alla pandemia è stata frammentata e poco coordinata, con gli Stati membri che hanno agito in modo indipendente. Tuttavia, nel corso del 2020, l’UE ha trovato un modo per agire congiuntamente attraverso il Fondo di ripresa e resilienza e il Meccanismo per la ripresa e la resilienza, per sostenere gli Stati membri colpiti dalla crisi e per promuovere la ripresa economica. Da un punto di vista storico – per raggiungere gli scopi dell’Unione Europa e facilitare il processo di integrazione – l’Italia aveva adottato l’euro e introdotto il pareggio di bilancio in costituzione riformulando l’art. 81 della Costituzione. Questo ha dimostrato la grande fiducia negli scopi del progetto europeo da parte dell’Italia. Tale fiducia è stata messa a dura prova durante la pandemia, perché il principio di pareggio di bilancio (che impedisce di generare nuova moneta in deficit) rischiava di bloccare la catena degli aiuti a tutte le fasce della popolazione colpite dal Covid. Il principio di pareggio di bilancio aveva cominciato a funzionare dal 2012 – con qualche fisiologica sofferenza –, ma l’avvento della pandemia (nel 2020) ha costretto il governo italiano a deliberare ben sei sforamenti di bilancio fino al 2021, in attesa che l’Unione Europea potesse mettere a punto gli aiuti del Recovery Fund. Durante la pandemia, l’Italia ha anche dovuto fronteggiare una situazione di emergenza sanitaria senza precedenti, che ha richiesto l’adozione di misure straordinarie volte a contenere la diffusione del virus, cercando di rispettare i principi fondamentali della Costituzione italiana, come l’articolo 32 che sancisce il diritto alla salute come diritto fondamentale individuale e collettivo. In tale contesto, ha creato difficoltà interpretative l’uso del green pass in Italia, cioè di una misura finalizzata a contenere la diffusione del Covid-19 attraverso la promozione della vaccinazione e del controllo degli accessi in ambito pubblico e privato. Il green pass è un documento personale e non trasferibile, che attesta una delle seguenti condizioni: avvenuta vaccinazione contro il COVID-19, guarigione dalla malattia, o negatività al test molecolare o antigenico. Questo documento è stato, successivamente, reso obbligatorio per accedere a palestre, ristoranti, piscine, locali in genere ed anche per recarsi nel proprio posto di lavoro, creando cosi un vero e proprio obbligo vaccinale. Con la disciplina del green pass il governo italiano ha optato per un bilanciamento a favore della salute collettiva, sanzionando di fatto – a livello individuale – chi non voleva vaccinarsi. Nonostante le possibili criticità, la giurisprudenza europea ha sostenuto la legittimità di misure simili, come dimostrato dalla sentenza del Tribunale dell'Unione europea del 8 aprile 2021, che ha confermato la decisione della Commissione europea di proporre l'introduzione di un "Certificato verde digitale" per agevolare la libera circolazione all'interno dell'Unione Europea. In altri stati, come per esempio la Polonia, è stato adottato un bilanciamento più favorevole alla tutela individuale della salute. Il governo polacco, infatti, ha solo raccomandato la vaccinazione alla popolazione, obbligando solo alcune ristrette categorie di soggetti a inoculare il vaccino. Ogni stato, pertanto, ha deciso secondo una propria sensibilità in questa difficile situazione. Da un punto di vista strutturale, il diffondersi del Covid-19 in Italia è stato accentuato dalla mancanza di un piano pandemico adeguato (che avrebbe comportato una maggiore organizzazione ed una risposta più immediata) ed al definanziamento del sistema sanitario nazionale avvenuto nel corso degli anni (il quale ha comportato un sovraccarico ospedaliero per mancaza di personale, attrezzature e posti letto). Un importante passo in avanti è stato fatto con la legge di bilancio del 2022, la quale cerca di risollevare il sistema economico, imprenditoriale e sanitario in Italia, facendo sperare in un efficace ripresa economia. In conclusione, la pandemia Covid-19 ha rappresentato una sfida importante per il progetto europeo, ma ha anche dimostrato l’importanza della cooperazione e della solidarietà tra gli Stati membri dell’UE. L’Unione europea ha sviluppato nuovi strumenti e meccanismi per affrontare la crisi e promuovere la ripresa economica, ma dovrà ancora affrontare molte sfide per rafforzare l’integrazione europea e garantire la prosperità e la coesione in Europa.
The Italian constitution and the European project to the test of the pandemic context. Legal and economic aspects
giovanni bianco
2021-01-01
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for greater cooperation between European states and a common response to global challenges. In this context, the Italian Constitution and the European project are closely linked, as both represent shared values and goals of solidarity, democracy and social progress. The European project, born after World War II with the aim of ensuring peace and prosperity in Europe, faced a major setback with the pandemic. The health emergency challenged the idea of a united, solid and united Europe, but also revealed the potential and challenges of European integration. Initially, the EU response to the pandemic was fragmented and uncoordinated, with Member States acting independently. However, during the 2020s, the EU found a way to act jointly through the Recovery and Resilience Fund and the Recovery and Resilience Mechanism, to support crisis-affected Member States and to promote economic recovery. From a historical perspective – in order to achieve the aims of the European Union and facilitate the integration process – Italy had adopted the euro and introduced a balanced budget in the constitution by reformulating Article 81 of the Constitution. This demonstrated Italy's great trust in the aims of the European project. This trust was put to the test during the pandemic, because the principle of a balanced budget (which prevents the generation of new money in deficit) risked blocking the chain of aid to all parts of the population affected by the Covid. The principle of balanced budgets had begun to work since 2012 – with some physiological suffering –, but the advent of the pandemic (in 2020) forced the Italian government to deliberate as many as six budget overruns until 2021, while waiting for the European Union to finalise Recovery Fund aid. During the pandemic, Italy also had to deal with an unprecedented health emergency, which required the adoption of extraordinary measures to contain the spread of the virus, while trying to respect the fundamental principles of the Italian Constitution, such as Article 32, which enshrines the right to health as a fundamental individual and collective right. In this context, the use of the green pass in Italy, i.e. a measure aimed at containing the spread of Covid-19 through the promotion of vaccination and access control in the public and private sphere, has created difficulties of interpretation. The green pass is a personal and non-transferable document attesting to one of the following conditions: vaccination against COVID-19, recovery from the disease, or negativity to the molecular or antigenic test. This document was later made compulsory for access to gyms, restaurants, swimming pools, clubs in general, and even to go to one's workplace, thus creating a real vaccination obligation. With the green pass regulation, the Italian government opted for a balance in favour of collective health, effectively penalising - at an individual level - those who did not want to vaccinate. Despite possible criticisms, European case law has upheld the legitimacy of similar measures, as demonstrated by the European Court of Justice's ruling of 8 April 2021, which upheld the European Commission's decision to propose the introduction of a 'digital green certificate' to facilitate free movement within the European Union. In other states, such as Poland, a balance more favourable to individual health protection has been adopted. The Polish government, in fact, only recommended vaccination to the population, obliging only certain restricted categories of people to inoculate themselves. Each state, therefore, decided according to its own sensitivity in this difficult situation. From a structural point of view, the spread of Covid-19 in Italy has been accentuated by the lack of an adequate pandemic plan (which would have entailed greater organisation and a more immediate response) and the defunding of the national health system over the years (which has led to hospital overload due to a lack of personnel, equipment and beds). An important step forward has been taken with the 2022 budget law, which seeks to revive the economic, business and healthcare system in Italy, raising hopes for an effective economic recovery. In conclusion, the Covid-19 pandemic represented a major challenge for the European project, but it also demonstrated the importance of cooperation and solidarity between EU Member States. The European Union has developed new tools and mechanisms to tackle the crisis and promote economic recovery, but it still faces many challenges to strengthen European integration and ensure prosperity and cohesion in Europe.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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European project 2021_final publication.pdf
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