Assessing long-term tephra fallout hazard in the Southern Italy from Neapolitan volcanoes

Nowadays, tephra fallout hazard is based on coupling the physical modeling of the tephra dispersion processes with a probabilistic analysis that takes into account the natural variability of the volcanic phenomena in terms of eruption probability, eruption sizes, vent position and meteorological conditions. In this framework, we present a prototypal methodology to carry out a multi-volcano long-term tephra fallout hazard assessment in Southern Italy from the active Neapolitan volcanoes: Somma-Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei, and Ischia. FALL3D model (v.8.0) has been used to run thousands of numerical simulations (1,500 per eruption size class), considering the ECMWF ERA5 meteorological dataset over the last 30 years. The output in terms of tephra ground load has been processed within a new workflow for large-scale, high-resolution volcanic hazard assessment, in order to quantify the mean annual frequency with which the tephra load at the ground exceeds given critical thresholds at a target site within a 50-years exposure time, and the relative epistemic uncertainty. This work provides, for the first time, a multi-volcano probabilistic hazard analysis for tephra fallout, fully comparable with those used for seismic phenomena and other natural disasters in which multiple sources are integrated together, and it accounts for potential changes in regimes of each single considered volcano. This allows us to discuss also how the full information can be traced back to provide specific information about the prevalence of different volcanoes and eruptive style in the different target areas, based on hazard disaggregation. The methodology is applicable to any other volcanic areas or over different exposure times.