A reappraisal of macrophage polarization in glioblastoma: Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings and review of the literature.

The survival rate in glioblastoma multiforme patients has scarcely improved in the last decades; how- ever, many new therapeutic strategies have been theorized or developed for these neoplasias. Recently, the inverse correlation observed between patient prognosis and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) density in solid tumors has encouraged the development of anti-tumor strategies aiming to target TAMs. As expected, TAMs polarization is influenced by both macrophage localization and tumor microen- vironment signals, resulting in a more complex scenario than the simple M1/M2 activation status. Macrophage polarization in glioblastoma has not yet been fully elucidated, and most results have been obtained in experimental non-human settings, with some apparent contradiction. The authors performed a histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 37 cases of glioblastoma in order to character- ize the M1 and M2 macrophage populations within TAMs. A high prevalence of CD163+ M2-polarized macrophages was detected in this cohort, whereas iNOS+ macrophages were rarely found. The down- regulation of CD68 expression in microglia/macrophage infiltrating glioblastomas is also reported for the first time. Such a finding is associated with a specific location of TAMs within the lesion, as confirmed by the fact that CD68 staining was lower than CD163, mainly in perivascular areas. The authors discuss the recent literature about the global scenario of macrophage plasticity and polar- ization in glioblastoma, and suggest some pivotal points for therapeutic applications.