'Multiple' Translation: Inter-Textual Relations between the English and American Translations, and the French Translations of 'I Promessi Sposi'

Given that in the nineteenth century there were six translations of IPS in English , this investigation demonstrates that each English translation established intra-linguistic and inter-textual relationships with the earlier ones. Moreover, between all the English versions, – from Swan’s to the 1845 version –, and their French counterparts, namely Rey-Dussueil’s (1828) and P. J. Gosselin’s (1828), – and to a lesser degree, the Marquis de Montgrand’s (1832) –, close inter-linguistic, inter-textual and inter-cultural relationships evolved.