Nitric oxide inhibits the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier through reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteine 136

S-nitrosylation of the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT) has been investigated on the native and the recombinant proteins reconstituted in proteoliposomes, and on intact mitochondria. The widely-used NO-releasing compound, GSNO, strongly inhibited the antiport measured in proteoliposomes reconstituted with the native CACT from rat liver mitochondria or the recombinant rat CACT over-expressed in E. coli. Inhibition was reversed by the reducing agent dithioerythritol, indicating a reaction mechanism based on nitrosylation of Cys residues of the CACT. The half inhibition constant (IC50) was very similar for the native and recombinant proteins, i.e., 74 and 71 μM, respectively. The inhibition resulted to be competitive with respect the substrate, carnitine. NO competed also with NEM, correlating well with previous data showing interference of NEM with the substrate transport path. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach on Cys residues of the recombinant CACT, the target of NO was identified. C136 plays a major role in the reaction mechanism. The occurrence of S-nitrosylation was demonstrated in intact mitochondria after treatment with GSNO, immunoprecipitation and immunostaining of CACT with a specific anti NO-Cys antibody. In parallel samples, transport activity of CACT measured in intact mitochondria, was strongly inhibited after GSNO treatment. The possible physiological and pathological implications of the post-translational modification of CACT are discussed.