Universals

Universals of translation are linguistic features which typically occur in translated rather than original texts and are thought to be independent of the influence of the specific language pairs involved in the process of translation (Baker 1993: 243). This chapter outlines the state of the art of descriptive and applied research into translation universals. It demonstrates how the introduction of electronic corpus analysis in translation studies in the mid-1990s has acted as a stimulus to the empirical investigation of universals.