Development of a high-density SNP-based linkage map and detection of yellow pigment content QTLs in durum wheat.

High-density genetic linkage maps of crop species are particularly useful in detecting qualitative and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for agronomically important traits and in improving the power of classical approaches to identify candidate genes. The aim of this study was to develop a high-density genetic linkage map in a durum wheat recombinant inbred lines population derived from two elite wheat cultivars and to identify and characterize QTLs for yellow pigment content (YPC). A dense map was constructed by genotyping with the wheat 90K iSelect array and consisted of 5,670 loci, comprising 5,019 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 467 DArT, 182 SSR markers and eight genes distributed in 35 linkage groups. Data for yellow pigment content were obtained from four replicated trials conducted at two locations in southern Italy for 2 years. A total of seven QTLs on different chromosome regions (1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, 5B, 7A and 7B) were identified, three of which were consistent in three or four environments and across environments. The genome scan for QTLs and the SNP homology prediction against annotated proteins in wheat and Brachypodium genomes identified two candidate genes of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway (aldehyde oxidase, AO1, and diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, DMAPD) significantly associated with YPC. This study provides a basis for further genetic QTL dissection and tools for marker-assisted breeding programs, because SNP markers and some carotenoid candidate genes were found to be tightly linked to major QTLs for YPC.