Sex ratios of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta in the Mediterranean Sea

Species with environmental sex determination may show sex ratios that differ from 1:1; therefore, sex ratio is an important variable when studying the population dynamics of these species. For instance, when estimating population size and productivity, sex ratio would be a required parameter. For endangered species, such as sea turtles, this is particularly important in order to understand the possible effects of human impacts and conservation measures. Unfortunately, only adult sea turtles show evident external sexual dimorphism; sex ratios are more difficult to obtain for the juvenile class, which represents the largest part of a population. Here we present the first extensive assessment of the sex ratio of juvenile loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta in the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 310 dead turtles from 4 different areas were sexed by direct examination of gonads, the most reliable sexing method. Females comprised 54.2% of the whole sample, and no significant differences were observed among study areas. However, this value cannot be ascribed to a single population, because specimens from different nesting sites - both within and outside the Mediterranean - share the same foraging areas, and each population may potentially contribute a different sex ratio. Although we recorded an unbiased sex ratio, our results were compatible with a hypothetical scenario in which Mediterranean nesting beaches produce a majority of females when other information from the region (distribution, mixed stocks and sex ratios) was considered